USD to CNY Rate Chart

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USD Popular Exchange Rates(today)

Exchange Rate Last day
USD to GBP rate 0.79694 0.7943
USD to EUR rate 0.9282 0.9266
USD to AUD rate 1.51906 ▲ 1.5148
USD to CAD rate 1.35935 ▲ 1.3588
USD to NZD rate 1.63132 ▼ 1.6217
USD to TRY rate 28.9274 28.9172
USD to DKK rate 6.9266 6.9119
USD to AED rate 3.6724 ▲ 3.6725
USD to NOK rate 10.906 ▲ 10.8732
USD to SEK rate 10.4669 ▼ 10.3835
USD to CHF rate 0.88006 0.8746
USD to JPY rate 144.864 ▲ 143.7
USD to HKD rate 7.8103 ▼ 7.8117
USD to MXN rate 17.348 ▼ 17.4748
USD to SGD rate 1.341 ▼ 1.3387
USD to ZAR rate 18.96191 18.7689

Economic indicators of United States and China

Indicator United States China
Real Private Consumption 15,494,212
Mil. Ch. 2017 USD, SAAR, Quarterly; 2023 Q3
2,191,625,284,256
2010 USD, Annual; 2010
Private Consumption 18,734,305
Mil. USD, SAAR, Quarterly; 2023 Q3
447,910
100 Mil. CNY, Annual; 2022
Nominal GDP 27,623,543
Mil. USD, SAAR, Quarterly; 2023 Q3
-
Investment 4,899,337
Mil. USD, SAAR, Quarterly; 2023 Q3
42,201,880,000,000
CNY, Annual; 2019
Real GDP 22,491,567
Mil. Ch. 2017 USD, SAAR, Quarterly; 2023 Q3
64,346
Bil. CNY, Annual; 2016
Consumer Price Index (CPI) 307.62
Index 1982-84=100, SA, Monthly; Oct 2023
100
Index CPPY=100, NSA, Monthly; Jun 2023
Producer Price Index (PPI) 254.87
Index 1982=100, SA, Monthly; Oct 2023
94.6
Index, Same Month of Prior Year=100, NSA, Monthly; Jun 2023
Total Employment Non-Ag 156,923
Ths. #, SA, Monthly; Oct 2023
-
Unemployment Rate 3.8
%, SA, Monthly; Sep 2023
-
Imports of Goods 263,048
Mil. USD, SA, Monthly; Sep 2023
2,554,280,081
Ths. USD, SAAR, Monthly; Jun 2023
Exports of Goods 176,747
Mil. USD, SA, Monthly; Sep 2023
3,305,951,972
Ths. USD, SAAR, Monthly; Jun 2023
Net Exports -784,581
Mil. USD, SAAR, Quarterly; 2023 Q3
2,400
Bil. CNY, Annual; 2015
Lending Rate 5.33
% p.a., NSA, Business Daily; 22 Nov 2023
2.45
% - End of period, Monthly; Jun 2017
House Price Index 645.18
Index 1980Q1=100, NSA, Quarterly; 2023 Q2
-
Personal Income 23,082,924
Mil. USD, SAAR, Quarterly; 2023 Q3
190,820
100 Mil. CNY, Annual; 2022
Consumer Confidence 98
Index Long term avg=100, SA, Monthly; Sep 2023
-
Retail Sales 509,041
Mil. USD, CDASA, Monthly; Sep 2018
39,951
100 Mil. CNY, NSA, Monthly; Jun 2023

USD to CNY Historical Rates(table)

Date Open Highest Lowest Close
USD to CNY (2023-12-08) 7.1645 7.1512 7.1672 7.1505
USD to CNY (2023-12-07) 7.1505 7.1600 7.1617 7.1482
USD to CNY (2023-12-06) 7.1590 7.1564 7.1597 7.1546
USD to CNY (2023-12-05) 7.1463 7.1416 7.1497 7.1413
USD to CNY (2023-12-04) 7.1424 7.1275 7.1430 7.1275
USD to CNY (2023-12-01) 7.1386 7.1350 7.1472 7.1280
USD to CNY (2023-11-30) 7.1360 7.1372 7.1398 7.1189
USD to CNY (2023-11-29) 7.1300 7.1192 7.1309 7.1184
USD to CNY (2023-11-28) 7.1463 7.1532 7.1544 7.1463
USD to CNY (2023-11-27) 7.1528 7.1426 7.1572 7.1420
USD to CNY (2023-11-24) 7.1488 7.1430 7.1554 7.1427
USD to CNY (2023-11-23) 7.1455 7.1522 7.1540 7.1365
USD to CNY (2023-11-22) 7.1550 7.1363 7.1565 7.1363
USD to CNY (2023-11-21) 7.1352 7.1387 7.1425 7.1266
USD to CNY (2023-11-20) 7.1680 7.1995 7.2073 7.1638
USD to CNY (2023-11-17) 7.2111 7.2425 7.2490 7.2043
USD to CNY (2023-11-16) 7.2422 7.2525 7.2616 7.2420
USD to CNY (2023-11-15) 7.2466 7.2611 7.2625 7.2337
USD to CNY (2023-11-14) 7.2530 7.2864 7.2954 7.2533
USD to CNY (2023-11-13) 7.2884 7.2947 7.2980 7.2888
USD to CNY (2023-11-10) 7.2891 7.2881 7.2937 7.2880

USD to CNY Handy Conversion

1 USD = 7.166 CNY
2 USD = 14.332 CNY
3 USD = 21.498 CNY
4 USD = 28.664 CNY
5 USD = 35.831 CNY
6 USD = 42.997 CNY
7 USD = 50.163 CNY
8 USD = 57.329 CNY
9 USD = 64.495 CNY
10 USD = 71.661 CNY
15 USD = 107.492 CNY
20 USD = 143.322 CNY
25 USD = 179.153 CNY
50 USD = 358.305 CNY
100 USD = 716.61 CNY
200 USD = 1433.22 CNY
250 USD = 1791.525 CNY
500 USD = 3583.05 CNY
750 USD = 5374.575 CNY
1000 USD = 7166.1 CNY
1500 USD = 10749.15 CNY
2000 USD = 14332.2 CNY
5000 USD = 35830.5 CNY
10000 USD = 71661 CNY

Comparison between United States and China

Background comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China

Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. Since the end of World War II, the economy has achieved relatively steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.

For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communist Party of China under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically but political controls remain tight. Since the early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations.

Geography comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Location

North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam

Geographic coordinates

38 00 N, 97 00 W

35 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references

North America

Asia

Area

total: 9,833,517 sq km

land: 9,147,593 sq km

water: 685,924 sq km

note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia, no overseas territories (2010)

country comparison to the world: 4

total: 9,596,960 sq km

land: 9,326,410 sq km

water: 270,550 sq km

country comparison to the world: 5

Area - comparative

about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly larger than China; more than twice the size of the European Union

-
Land boundaries

total: 12,048 km

border countries (2): Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3,155 km

note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 28.5 km

total: 22,457 km

border countries (14): Afghanistan 91 km, Bhutan 477 km, Burma 2,129 km, India 2,659 km, Kazakhstan 1,765 km, North Korea 1,352 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,063 km, Laos 475 km, Mongolia 4,630 km, Nepal 1,389 km, Pakistan 438 km, Russia (northeast) 4,133 km, Russia (northwest) 46 km, Tajikistan 477 km, Vietnam 1,297 km

regional border(s) (2): Hong Kong 33 km, Macau 3 km

Coastline

19,924 km

14,500 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: not specified

territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate

mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Terrain

vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii

mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east

Elevation

mean elevation: 760 m

elevation extremes: lowest point: Death Valley -86 m (lowest point in North America)

highest point: Denali (Mount McKinley) 6,190 m (highest point in North America)

note: the peak of Mauna Kea (4,205 m above sea level) on the island of Hawaii rises about 10,200 m above the Pacific Ocean floor; by this measurement, it is the world's tallest mountain - higher than Mount Everest (8,850 m), which is recognized as the tallest mountain above sea level

mean elevation: 1,840 m

elevation extremes: lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,848 m (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level)

Natural resources

coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable land

note: the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's total

coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest), arable land

Land use

agricultural land: 44.5%

arable land 16.8%; permanent crops 0.3%; permanent pasture 27.4%

forest: 33.3%

other: 22.2% (2011 est.)

agricultural land: 54.7%

arable land 11.3%; permanent crops 1.6%; permanent pasture 41.8%

forest: 22.3%

other: 23% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

264,000 sq km (2012)

690,070 sq km (2012)

Population - distribution

large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the US (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western tier states; mountainous areas, principally the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian chain, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prairie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast - with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage - and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu

overwhelming majority of the population is found in the eastern half of the country; the west, with its vast mountainous and desert areas, remains sparsely populated; though ranked first in the world in total population, overall density is less than that of many other countries in Asia and Europe; high population density is found along the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys, the Xi Jiang River delta, the Sichuan Basin (around Chengdu), in and around Beijing, and the industrial area around Shenyang

Natural hazards

tsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major impediment to development

volcanism: volcanic activity in the Hawaiian Islands, Western Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and in the Northern Mariana Islands; both Mauna Loa (4,170 m) in Hawaii and Mount Rainier (4,392 m) in Washington have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pavlof (2,519 m) is the most active volcano in Alaska's Aleutian Arc and poses a significant threat to air travel since the area constitutes a major flight path between North America and East Asia; St. Helens (2,549 m), famous for the devastating 1980 eruption, remains active today; numerous other historically active volcanoes exist, mostly concentrated in the Aleutian arc and Hawaii; they include: in Alaska: Aniakchak, Augustine, Chiginagak, Fourpeaked, Iliamna, Katmai, Kupreanof, Martin, Novarupta, Redoubt, Spurr, Wrangell, Trident, Ugashik-Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, Veniaminof; in Hawaii: Haleakala, Kilauea, Loihi; in the Northern Mariana Islands: Anatahan; and in the Pacific Northwest: Mount Baker, Mount Hood

frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence

volcanism: China contains some historically active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries

Environment - current issues

large emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural freshwater resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; desertification

air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; coastal destruction due to land reclamation, industrial development, and aquaculture; deforestation and habitat destruction; poor land management leads to soil erosion, landslides, floods, droughts, dust storms and desertification; trade in endangered species

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Denali (Mt. McKinley) is the highest point in North America and Death Valley the lowest point on the continent

world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US) and largest country situated entirely in Asia; Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak above sea level

People comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Population

326,625,791 (July 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

1,379,302,771 (July 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Nationality

noun: American(s)

adjective: American

noun: Chinese (singular and plural)

adjective: Chinese

Ethnic groups

white 72.4%, black 12.6%, Asian 4.8%, Amerindian and Alaska native 0.9%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2%, other 6.2%, two or more races 2.9% (2010 est.)

note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc.); an estimated 16.3% of the total US population is Hispanic as of 2010

Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1%

note: the Chinese Government officially recognizes 56 ethnic groups (2010 est.)

Languages

English 79%, Spanish 13%, other Indo-European 3.7%, Asian and Pacific island 3.4%, other 1% (2015 est.)

note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska

Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)

note: Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet)

Religions

Protestant 46.5%, Roman Catholic 20.8%, Jewish 1.9%, Mormon 1.6%, other Christian 0.9%, Muslim 0.9%, Jehovah's Witness 0.8%, Buddhist 0.7%, Hindu 0.7%, other 1.8%, unaffiliated 22.8%, don't know/refused 0.6% (2014 est.)

Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, folk religion 21.9%, Hindu < 0.1%, Jewish < 0.1%, other 0.7% (includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.2%

note: officially atheist (2010 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 51.2

youth dependency ratio: 29

elderly dependency ratio: 22.1

potential support ratio: 4.5 (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio: 37.7

youth dependency ratio: 24.3

elderly dependency ratio: 13.3

potential support ratio: 7.5

data do not include Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 38.1 years

male: 36.8 years

female: 39.4 years (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 60

total: 37.4 years

male: 36.5 years

female: 38.4 years (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 67

Population growth rate

0.81% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 129

0.41% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 160

Birth rate

12.5 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 158

12.3 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 161

Death rate

8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 85

7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 101

Net migration rate

3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 29

-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 121

Population distribution

large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the US (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western tier states; mountainous areas, principally the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian chain, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prarie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast - with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage - and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu

overwhelming majority of the population is found in the eastern half of the country; the west, with its vast mountainous and desert areas, remains sparsely populated; though ranked first in the world in total population, overall density is less than that of many other countries in Asia and Europe; high population density is found along the Yangtze and Yellow River valleys, the Xi Jiang River delta, the Sichuan Basin (around Chengdu), in and around Beijing, and the industrial area around Shenyang

Urbanization

urban population: 82% of total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 0.99% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

urban population: 57.9% of total population (2017)

rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

note: data do not include Hong Kong and Macau

Major urban areas - population

New York-Newark 18.593 million; Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana 12.31 million; Chicago 8.745 million; Miami 5.817 million; Dallas-Fort Worth 5.703 million; WASHINGTON, D.C. (capital) 4.955 million (2015)

Shanghai 23.741 million; BEIJING (capital) 20.384 million; Chongqing 13.332 million; Guangdong 12.458 million; Tianjin 11.21 million; Shenzhen 10.749 million (2015)

Sex ratio

at birth: NA

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

at birth: 1.14 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.17 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.14 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female

total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.4 years (2015 est.)

-
Maternal mortality ratio

14 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 138

27 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 119

Infant mortality rate

total: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 170

total: 12 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 11.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 122

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 80 years

male: 77.7 years

female: 82.2 years (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 43

total population: 75.7 years

male: 73.6 years

female: 78 years (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 102

Total fertility rate

1.87 children born/woman (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 143

1.6 children born/woman (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 182

Contraceptive prevalence rate

74.1%

note: percent of women aged 15-44 (2011/13)

-
Health expenditures

17.1% of GDP (2014)

country comparison to the world: 1

5.5% of GDP (2014)

country comparison to the world: 125

Physicians density

2.57 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density

2.9 beds/1,000 population (2013)

4.2 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Drinking water source

improved:

urban: 99.4% of population

rural: 98.2% of population

total: 99.2% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0.6% of population

rural: 1.8% of population

total: 0.8% of population (2015 est.)

improved:

urban: 97.5% of population

rural: 93% of population

total: 95.5% of population

unimproved:

urban: 2.5% of population

rural: 7% of population

total: 4.5% of population (2015 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved:

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved:

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

improved:

urban: 86.6% of population

rural: 63.7% of population

total: 76.5% of population

unimproved:

urban: 13.4% of population

rural: 36.3% of population

total: 23.5% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

NA

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

36.2% (2016)

country comparison to the world: 12

6.2% (2016)

country comparison to the world: 169

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

0.5% (2012)

country comparison to the world: 136

3.4% (2010)

country comparison to the world: 109

Education expenditures

5% of GDP (2014)

country comparison to the world: 63

NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 17 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2014)

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 14 years (2015)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 10.4%

male: 11.4%

female: 9.3% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 127

-
Major infectious diseases -

degree of risk: intermediate

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease: Japanese encephalitis

soil contact disease: hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) (2016)

Literacy -

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 96.4%

male: 98.2%

female: 94.5% (2015 est.)

People - note -

in October 2015, the Chinese Government announced that it would change its rules to allow all couples to have two children, loosening a 1979 mandate that restricted many couples to one child; the new policy was implemented on 1 January 2016 to address China’s rapidly aging population and economic needs

Government comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Country name

conventional long form: United States of America

conventional short form: United States

abbreviation: US or USA

etymology: the name America is derived from that of Amerigo VESPUCCI (1454-1512) - Italian explorer, navigator, and cartographer - using the Latin form of his name, Americus, feminized to America

conventional long form: People's Republic of China

conventional short form: China

local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo

local short form: Zhongguo

abbreviation: PRC

etymology: English name derives from the Qin (Chin) rulers of the 3rd century B.C., who comprised the first imperial dynasty of ancient China; the Chinese name Zhongguo translates as "Central Nation"

Government type

constitutional federal republic

communist party-led state

Capital

name: Washington, DC

geographic coordinates: 38 53 N, 77 02 W

time difference: UTC-5 (during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November

note: the 50 United States cover six time zones

capital: Beijing

geographic coordinates: 39 55 N, 116 23 E

time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) note; despite its size, all of China falls within one time zone

Administrative divisions

50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural)

provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)

autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur, Xizang (Tibet)

municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin

note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau

Dependent areas

American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island

note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political entities: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

-
Independence

4 July 1776 (declared independence from Great Britain); 3 September 1783 (recognized by Great Britain)

1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)

National holiday

Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

National Day (anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949)

Constitution

previous 1781 (Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union); latest drafted July - September 1787, submitted to the Congress of the Confederation 20 September 1787, submitted for states' ratification 28 September 1787, ratification completed by nine states 21 June 1788, effective 4 March 1789; amended many times, last in 1992 (2016)

history: several previous; latest promulgated 4 December 1982

amendments: proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress or supported by more than one-fifth of the National People’s Congress membership; passage requires more than two-thirds majority vote of the Congress membership; amended several times, last in 2018 (2018)

Legal system

common law system based on English common law at the federal level; state legal systems based on common law except Louisiana, which is based on Napoleonic civil code; judicial review of legislative acts

civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; note - in early 2017, the National People's Congress took the first step in adopting a new civil code by passing the General Provisions of the Civil Law

International law organization participation

withdrew acceptance of compulsory ICJ jurisdiction in 2005; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2002

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent: yes

dual citizenship recognized: no, but the US government acknowledges such situtations exist; US citizens are not encouraged to seek dual citizenship since it limits protection by the US

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: least one parent must be a citizen of China

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: while naturalization is theoretically possible, in practical terms it is extremely difficult; residency is required but not specified

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2017); Vice President Michael R. PENCE (since 20 January 2017); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2017); Vice President Michael R. PENCE (since 20 January 2017)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, approved by the Senate

elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by the Electoral College of 'electors' chosen from each state; president and vice president serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 8 November 2016 (next to be held on 10 November 2020)

election results: Donald J. TRUMP elected president; electoral vote - Donald J. TRUMP (Republican Party) 304, Hillary D. CLINTON (Democratic Party) 227, other 7; percent of direct popular vote - Hillary D. CLINTON 48.2%, Donald J. TRUMP 46.1%, other 5.7%

chief of state: President XI Jinping (since 14 March 2013); Vice President WANG Quishan (since 17 March 2018)

head of government: Premier LI Keqiang (since 16 March 2013); Executive Vice Premiers HAN Zheng (since 19 March 2018), SUN Chunlan (since 19 March 2018), LIU He (since 19 March 2018), HU Chunhua (since 19 March 2018)

cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congress

elections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by National People's Congress for a 5-year term (unlimited terms); election last held on 17 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2023); premier nominated by president, confirmed by National People's Congress

election results: XI Jinping reelected president; National People's Congress vote - 2,970 (unanimously); WANG Quishan elected vice president with 2,969 votes

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Congress consists of the Senate (100 seats; 2 members directly elected in each of the 50 state constituencies by simple majority vote except in Georgia and Louisiana which require an absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 6-year terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years) and the House of Representatives (435 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote except in Georgia which requires an absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 2-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held on 8 November 2016 (next to be held on 6 November 2018); House of Representatives - last held on 8 November 2016 (next to be held on 6 November 2018)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 24, Democratic Party 10; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 241, Democratic Party 194,

note: in addition to the regular members of the House of Representatives there are 6 non-voting delegates elected from the District of Columbia and the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands; these are single seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term (except for the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico who serves a 4-year term); the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegates last held on 8 November 2016 (next to be held on 6 November 2018)

description: unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (maximum of 3,000 seats; members indirectly elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses, and the People's Liberation Army; members serve 5-year terms); note - in practice, only members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), its 8 allied parties, and CCP-approved independent candidates are elected

elections: last held in December 2012-February 2013 (next to be held in late 2017 to early 2018)

election results: percent of vote - NA; seats by party - NA

Judicial branch

highest court(s): US Supreme Court (consists of 9 justices - the chief justice and 8 associate justices)

judge selection and term of office: president nominates and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints Supreme Court justices; justices appointed for life

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (includes the US Court of Appeal for the Federal District and 12 regional appeals courts); 94 federal district courts in 50 states and territories

note: the US court system consists of the federal court system and the state court systems; although each court system is responsible for hearing certain types of cases, neither is completely independent of the other, and the systems often interact

highest court(s): Supreme People's Court (consists of over 340 judges including the chief justice, 13 grand justices organized into a civil committee and tribunals for civil, economic, administrative, complaint and appeal, and communication and transportation cases); note - in late December 2016, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth circuit courts of the Supreme People's Court began operation

judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the People's National Congress (NPC); limited to 2 consecutive 5-year-terms; other justices and judges nominated by the chief justice and appointed by the Standing Committee of the NPC; term of other justices and judges determined by the NPC

subordinate courts: Higher People's Courts; Intermediate People's Courts; District and County People's Courts; Autonomous Region People's Courts; Special People's Courts for military, maritime, transportation, and forestry issues

note: in late 2014, China unveiled planned judicial reforms

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party [Tom PEREZ]

Green Party [collective leadership]

Libertarian Party [Nicholas SARWARK]

Republican Party [Ronna Romney MCDANIEL]

Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping]

note: China has 8 nominally independent small parties controlled by the CCP

Political pressure groups and leaders

environmentalists; business groups; labor unions; churches; ethnic groups; political action committees or PACs; health groups; education groups; civic groups; youth groups; transportation groups; agricultural groups; veterans groups; women's groups; reform lobbies

no substantial political opposition groups exist

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), ANZUS, APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CICA (observer), CP, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Flag description

13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; the blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship; red symbolizes courage, zeal, and fervency, while white denotes purity and rectitude of conduct; commonly referred to by its nickname of Old Glory

note: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico

red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China

National symbol(s)

bald eagle; national colors: red, white, blue

dragon, giant panda; national colors: red, yellow

National anthem

name: "The Star-Spangled Banner"

lyrics/music: Francis Scott KEY/John Stafford SMITH

note: adopted 1931; during the War of 1812, after witnessing the successful American defense of Fort McHenry in Baltimore following British naval bombardment, Francis Scott KEY wrote the lyrics to what would become the national anthem; the lyrics were set to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song"; only the first verse is sung

name: "Yiyongjun Jinxingqu" (The March of the Volunteers)

lyrics/music: TIAN Han/NIE Er

note: adopted 1949; the anthem, though banned during the Cultural Revolution, is more commonly known as "Zhongguo Guoge" (Chinese National Song); it was originally the theme song to the 1935 Chinese movie, "Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm"

Diplomatic representation in the US -

chief of mission: Ambassador CUI Tiankai (since 3 April 2013)

chancery: 3505 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 495-2266

FAX: [1] (202) 495-2138

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US -

chief of mission: Ambassador Terry BRANSTAD (since 12 July 2017)

embassy: 55 An Jia Lou Lu, 100600 Beijing

mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002

telephone: [86] (10) 8531-3000

FAX: [86] (10) 8531-3300

consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, Wuhan

Economy comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Economy - overview

The US has the most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $59,500. US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers, pharmaceuticals, and medical, aerospace, and military equipment; however, their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II. Based on a comparison of GDP measured at purchasing power parity conversion rates, the US economy in 2014, having stood as the largest in the world for more than a century, slipped into second place behind China, which has more than tripled the US growth rate for each year of the past four decades.

In the US, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same time, businesses face higher barriers to enter their rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets.

Long-term problems for the US include stagnation of wages for lower-income families, inadequate investment in deteriorating infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, energy shortages, and sizable current account and budget deficits.

The onrush of technology has been a driving factor in the gradual development of a "two-tier" labor market in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. But the globalization of trade, and especially the rise of low-wage producers such as China, has put additional downward pressure on wages and upward pressure on the return to capital. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. Since 1996, dividends and capital gains have grown faster than wages or any other category of after-tax income.

Imported oil accounts for more than 50% of US consumption and oil has a major impact on the overall health of the economy. Crude oil prices doubled between 2001 and 2006, the year home prices peaked; higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets and many individuals fell behind in their mortgage payments. Oil prices climbed another 50% between 2006 and 2008, and bank foreclosures more than doubled in the same period. Besides dampening the housing market, soaring oil prices caused a drop in the value of the dollar and a deterioration in the US merchandise trade deficit, which peaked at $840 billion in 2008. Because the US economy is energy-intensive, falling oil prices since 2013 have alleviated many of the problems the earlier increases had created.

The sub-prime mortgage crisis, falling home prices, investment bank failures, tight credit, and the global economic downturn pushed the US into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) in October 2008. The government used some of these funds to purchase equity in US banks and industrial corporations, much of which had been returned to the government by early 2011. In January 2009, Congress passed and former President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. In 2010 and 2011, the federal budget deficit reached nearly 9% of GDP. In 2012, the Federal Government reduced the growth of spending and the deficit shrank to 7.6% of GDP. US revenues from taxes and other sources are lower, as a percentage of GDP, than those of most other countries.

Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan required major shifts in national resources from civilian to military purposes and contributed to the growth of the budget deficit and public debt. Through FY 2018, the direct costs of the wars will have totaled more than $1.9 trillion, according to US Government figures.

In March 2010, former President OBAMA signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), a health insurance reform that was designed to extend coverage to an additional 32 million Americans by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished. Total spending on healthcare - public plus private - rose from 9.0% of GDP in 1980 to 17.9% in 2010.

In July 2010, the former president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a law designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses, ending taxpayer bailouts of financial firms, dealing with troubled banks that are "too big to fail," and improving accountability and transparency in the financial system - in particular, by requiring certain financial derivatives to be traded in markets that are subject to government regulation and oversight.

In December 2012, the Federal Reserve Board (Fed) announced plans to purchase $85 billion per month of mortgage-backed and Treasury securities in an effort to hold down long-term interest rates, and to keep short-term rates near zero until unemployment dropped below 6.5% or inflation rose above 2.5%. The Fed ended its purchases during the summer of 2014, after the unemployment rate dropped to 6.2%, inflation stood at 1.7%, and public debt fell below 74% of GDP. In December 2015, the Fed raised its target for the benchmark federal funds rate by 0.25%, the first increase since the recession began. With continued low growth, the Fed opted to raise rates several times since then, and in December 2017, the target rate stood at 1.5%.

In December 2017, Congress passed and President Donald TRUMP signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which, among its various provisions, reduces the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; lowers the individual tax rate for those with the highest incomes from 39.6% to 37%, and by lesser percentages for those at lower income levels; changes many deductions and credits used to calculate taxable income; and eliminates in 2019 the penalty imposed on taxpayers who do not obtain the minimum amount of health insurance required under the ACA. The new taxes took effect on 1 January 2018; the tax cut for corporations are permanent, but those for individuals are scheduled to expire after 2025. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) under the Congressional Budget Office estimates that the new law will reduce tax revenues and increase the federal deficit by about $1.45 trillion over the 2018-2027 period. This amount would decline if economic growth were to exceed the JCT’s estimate.

Since the late 1970s, China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion, resulting in efficiency gains that have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Reforms began with the phaseout of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, growth of the private sector, development of stock markets and a modern banking system, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China continues to pursue an industrial policy, state support of key sectors, and a restrictive investment regime. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2016 stood as the largest economy in the world, surpassing the US in 2014 for the first time in modern history. China became the world's largest exporter in 2010, and the largest trading nation in 2013. Still, China's per capita income is below the world average.

After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, China in July 2005 moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid-2005 to late 2008, the renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the US dollar, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing announced it would allow a resumption of gradual liberalization. From 2013 until early 2015, the renminbi (RMB) appreciated roughly 2% against the dollar, but the exchange rate fell 13% from mid-2015 until end-2016 amid strong capital outflows in part stemming from the August 2015 official devaluation; in 2017 the RMB resumed appreciating against the dollar – roughly 7% from end-of-2016 to end-of-2017. From 2013 to 2017, China had one of the fastest growing economies in the world, averaging slightly more than 7% real growth per year. In 2015, the People’s Bank of China announced it would continue to carefully push for full convertibility of the renminbi, after the currency was accepted as part of the IMF’s special drawing rights basket. However, since late 2015 the Chinese Government has strengthened capital controls and oversight of overseas investments to better manage the exchange rate and maintain financial stability.

The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) managing its high corporate debt burden to maintain financial stability; (c) controlling off-balance sheet local government debt used to finance infrastructure stimulus; (d) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (e) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector without sharply slowing the economy; (f) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (g) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital and state-support for innovation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2016 more than 169.3 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of China’s population control policy known as the “one-child policy” - which was relaxed in 2016 to permit all families to have two children - is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and urbanization. The Chinese Government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on natural gas, nuclear, and clean energy development. In 2016, China ratified the Paris Agreement, a multilateral agreement to combat climate change, and committed to peak its carbon dioxide emissions between 2025 and 2030.

The government's 13th Five-Year Plan, unveiled in March 2016, emphasizes the need to increase innovation and boost domestic consumption to make the economy less dependent on government investment, exports, and heavy industry. However, China has made more progress on subsidizing innovation than rebalancing the economy. Beijing has committed to giving the market a more decisive role in allocating resources, but the Chinese Government’s policies continue to favor state-owned enterprises and emphasize stability. Chinese leaders in 2010 pledged to double China’s GDP by 2020, and the 13th Five Year Plan includes annual economic growth targets of at least 6.5% through 2020 to achieve that goal. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors considered important to "economic security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive industries. Chinese leaders also have undermined some market-oriented reforms by reaffirming the “dominant” role of the state in the economy, a stance that threatens to discourage private initiative and make the economy less efficient over time. The slight acceleration in economic growth in 2017—the first such uptick since 2010—gives Beijing more latitude to pursue its economic reforms, focusing on financial sector deleveraging and its Supply-Side Structural Reform agenda, first announced in late 2015.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$19.36 trillion (2017 est.)

$18.95 trillion (2016 est.)

$18.67 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 3

$23.12 trillion (2017 est.)

$21.66 trillion (2016 est.)

$20.3 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 1

GDP (official exchange rate)

$19.36 trillion (2017 est.)

$11.94 trillion (2017 est.)

note: because China's exchange rate is determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries

GDP - real growth rate

2.2% (2017 est.)

1.5% (2016 est.)

2.9% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 144

6.8% (2017 est.)

6.7% (2016 est.)

6.9% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$59,500 (2017 est.)

$58,600 (2016 est.)

$58,200 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 20

$16,600 (2017 est.)

$15,700 (2016 est.)

$14,800 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 106

Gross national saving

17.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

18% of GDP (2016 est.)

19.4% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 105

45.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

45.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

47.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 69.1%

government consumption: 17.2%

investment in fixed capital: 16.3%

investment in inventories: 0.3%

exports of goods and services: 12.2%

imports of goods and services: -15.1% (2017 est.)

household consumption: 39.1%

government consumption: 14.6%

investment in fixed capital: 43.3%

investment in inventories: 1.1%

exports of goods and services: 19.6%

imports of goods and services: -17.7% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0.9%

industry: 18.9%

services: 80.2%

(2017 est.)

agriculture: 8.2%

industry: 39.5%

services: 52.2%

(2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish; forest products

world leader in gross value of agricultural output; rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, apples, cotton, pork, mutton, eggs; fish, shrimp

Industries

highly diversified, world leading, high-technology innovator, second-largest industrial output in the world; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics); food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, railcars and locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites

Industrial production growth rate

1.8% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 144

6.2% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 32

Labor force

160.4 million

note: includes unemployed (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

806.7 million

note: by the end of 2012, China's population at working age (15-64 years) was 1.004 billion (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Labor force - by occupation

farming, forestry, and fishing: 0.7%

manufacturing, extraction, transportation, and crafts: 20.3%

managerial, professional, and technical: 37.3%

sales and office: 24.2%

other services: 17.6%

note: figures exclude the unemployed

(2009 est.)

agriculture: 28.3%

industry: 29.3%

services: 42.4%

(2016 est.)

Unemployment rate

4.4% (2017 est.)

4.9% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 60

4% (2017 est.)

4% (2016 est.)

note: data are for registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants

country comparison to the world: 48

Population below poverty line

15.1% (2010 est.)

3.3%

note: in 2011, China set a new poverty line at RMB 2300 (approximately US $400)

(2016 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 30% (2007 est.)

lowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 31.4%

note: data are for urban households only (2012 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

45 (2007 est.)

40.8 (1997 est.)

country comparison to the world: 41

46.5 (2016 est.)

46.2 (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 31

Budget

revenues: $3.336 trillion

expenditures: $3.991 trillion

note: for the US, revenues exclude social contributions of approximately $1.0 trillion; expenditures exclude social benefits of approximately $2.3 trillion (2017 est.)

revenues: $2.672 trillion

expenditures: $3.146 trillion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.2% of GDP

note: excludes contributions for social security and other programs; if social contributions were added, taxes and other revenues would amount to approximately 22% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 176

22.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 134

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 128

-4% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 143

Public debt

77.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

76.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover only what the United States Treasury denotes as "Debt Held by the Public," which includes all debt instruments issued by the Treasury that are owned by non-US Government entities; the data include Treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by individual US states, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of Treasury borrowings from surpluses in the trusts for Federal Social Security, Federal Employees, Hospital and Supplemental Medical Insurance (Medicare), Disability and Unemployment, and several other smaller trusts; if data for intra-government debt were added, "gross debt" would increase by about one-third of GDP

country comparison to the world: 43

18.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: official data; data cover both central government debt and local government debt, including debt officially recognized by China's National Audit Office report in 2011; data exclude policy bank bonds, Ministry of Railway debt, and China Asset Management Company debt

country comparison to the world: 190

Fiscal year

1 October - 30 September

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.1% (2017 est.)

1.3% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 97

1.8% (2017 est.)

2% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 82

Central bank discount rate

0.5% (31 December 2010 est.)

0.5% (31 December 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 134

2.25% (5 December 2017 est.)

2.25% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 115

Commercial bank prime lending rate

4.3% (31 December 2017 est.)

3.51% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 156

4.4% (5 December 2017 est.)

4.35% (30 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 154

Stock of narrow money

$3.627 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.25 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

$8.16 trillion (31 October 2017 est.)

$7.001 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Stock of broad money

$14 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$12.84 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

$25.24 trillion (October 2017 est.)

$22.3 trillion (December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Stock of domestic credit

$21.59 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$20.24 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

$26.87 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$23.02 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Market value of publicly traded shares

$25.07 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)

$26.33 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)

$24.03 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

$7.321 trillion (31 November 2017 est.)

$8.188 trillion (December 2016 est.)

$6.005 trillion (December 2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

Current account balance

$-462 billion (2017 est.)

$-451.7 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 201

$162.5 billion (2017 est.)

$196.4 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

Exports

$1.576 trillion (2017 est.)

$1.456 trillion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

$2.157 trillion (2017 est.)

$1.99 trillion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Exports - commodities

agricultural products (soybeans, fruit, corn) 9.2%, industrial supplies (organic chemicals) 26.8%, capital goods (transistors, aircraft, motor vehicle parts, computers, telecommunications equipment) 49.0%, consumer goods (automobiles, medicines) 15.0% (2008 est.)

electrical and other machinery, including computers and telecommunications equipment, apparel, furniture, textiles

Exports - partners

Canada 18.3%, Mexico 15.9%, China 8%, Japan 4.4% (2016)

US 18.2%, Hong Kong 13.8%, Japan 6.1%, South Korea 4.5% (2016)

Imports

$2.352 trillion (2017 est.)

$2.208 trillion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

$1.731 trillion (2017 est.)

$1.495 trillion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

Imports - commodities

agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines, furniture, toys) (2008 est.)

electrical and other machinery, including integrated circuits and other computer components, oil and mineral fuels; optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles; soybeans

Imports - partners

China 21.1%, Mexico 13.4%, Canada 12.7%, Japan 6%, Germany 5.2% (2016)

South Korea 10%, Japan 9.2%, US 8.5%, Germany 5.4%, Australia 4.4% (2016)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$117.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$117.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 22

$3.194 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.098 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Debt - external

$17.91 trillion (31 March 2016 est.)

$17.85 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)

note: approximately 4/5ths of US external debt is denominated in US dollars; foreign lenders have been willing to hold US dollar denominated debt instruments because they view the dollar as the world's reserve currency

country comparison to the world: 1

$1.649 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.467 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 14

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$4.084 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.614 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

$1.514 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.391 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$5.644 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$5.352 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

$1.342 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.227 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 12

Exchange rates

British pounds per US dollar: 0.7836 (2017 est.), 0.738 (2016 est.), 0.738 (2015 est.), 0.607 (2014 est), 0.6391 (2013 est.)

Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1, 1.308 (2017 est.), 1.3256 (2016 est.), 1.3256 (2015 est.), 1.2788 (2014 est.), 1.0298 (2013 est.)

Chinese yuan per US dollar: 1, 6.7588 (2017 est.), 6.6445 (2016 est.), 6.2275 (2015 est.), 6.1434 (2014 est.), 6.1958 (2013 est.)

euros per US dollar: 0.885 (2017 est.), 0.903 (2016 est.), 0.9214(2015 est.), 0.885 (2014 est.), 0.7634 (2013 est.)

Japanese yen per US dollar: 111.10 (2017 est.), 108.76 (2016 est.), 108.76 (2015 est.), 121.02 (2014 est.), 97.44 (2013 est.)

Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar -

7.76 (2017 est.)

6.64 (2016 est.)

6.23 (2015 est.)

6.14 (2014 est.)

6.2 (2013 est.)

Energy comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

population without electricity: 1,200,000

electrification - total population: 99.9%

electrification - urban areas: 100%

electrification - rural areas: 99.8% (2016)

Electricity - production

4.088 trillion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

6.142 trillion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Electricity - consumption

3.911 trillion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

5.92 trillion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Electricity - exports

9.695 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

18.91 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 11

Electricity - imports

80.66 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

6.185 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.074 billion kW (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

1.646 billion kW (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

Electricity - from fossil fuels

70.6% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 103

64% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 117

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

9.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

2% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 28

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

7.4% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 124

20.2% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 88

Electricity - from other renewable sources

10.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 69

13.7% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 53

Crude oil - production

8.853 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

3.981 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

Crude oil - exports

590,900 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 21

32,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 47

Crude oil - imports

7.85 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

6.167 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

Crude oil - proved reserves

36.52 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 11

25.62 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13

Refined petroleum products - production

20.08 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

10.85 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

Refined petroleum products - consumption

19.69 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

11.75 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

Refined petroleum products - exports

4.67 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

709,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 10

Refined petroleum products - imports

2.205 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

971,900 bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

Natural gas - production

766.2 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

138.4 billion cu m (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

Natural gas - consumption

773.2 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

210.3 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

Natural gas - exports

50.52 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

3.243 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 35

Natural gas - imports

76.96 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

75.1 billion cu m (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 5

Natural gas - proved reserves

8.714 trillion cu m (1 January 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

5.194 trillion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 10

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

5.402 billion Mt (2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

9.135 billion Mt (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Communications comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 121.53 million

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (July 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

total subscriptions: 206.624 million

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (July 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

Telephones - mobile cellular

total: 395.881 million

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 121 (July 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

total: 1,364.934 million

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 99 (July 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Telephone system

general assessment: a large, technologically advanced, multipurpose communications system

domestic: a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile telephone traffic throughout the country

international: country code - 1; multiple ocean cable systems provide international connectivity; satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2016)

general assessment: domestic and international services are available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns; China continues to develop its telecommunications infrastructure; China in the summer of 2008 began a major restructuring of its telecommunications industry, resulting in the consolidation of its six telecom service operators to three, China Telecom, China Mobile, and China Unicom, each providing both fixed-line and mobile services (2016)

domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; mobile-cellular subscribership is increasing rapidly; the number of Internet users now over 55% of the population; a domestic satellite system with several earth stations is in place (2018)

international: country code - 86; a number of submarine cables provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the US; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean; 1 Intersputnik - Indian Ocean region; and 1 Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian Ocean regions) (2012)

Broadcast media

4 major terrestrial TV networks with affiliate stations throughout the country, plus cable and satellite networks, independent stations, and a limited public broadcasting sector that is largely supported by private grants; overall, thousands of TV stations broadcasting; multiple national radio networks with many affiliate stations; while most stations are commercial, National Public Radio (NPR) has a network of some 600 member stations; satellite radio available; overall, nearly 15,000 radio stations operating (2008)

all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department sends directives to all domestic media outlets to guide

Internet country code

.us

.cn

Internet users

total: 246,809,221

percent of population: 76.2% (July 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

total: 730,723,960

percent of population: 53.2% (July 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

Transportation comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 92

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6,817

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 798.23 million

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 37.219 billion mt-km (2015)

number of registered air carriers: 56

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 2,890

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 436,183,969

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 19.806 billion mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

N (2016)

B (2016)

Airports

13,513 (2013)

country comparison to the world: 1

507 (2013)

country comparison to the world: 14

Airports - with paved runways

total: 5,054

over 3,047 m: 189

2,438 to 3,047 m: 235

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1,478

914 to 1,523 m: 2,249

under 914 m: 903 (2013)

total: 463

over 3,047 m: 71

2,438 to 3,047 m: 158

1,524 to 2,437 m: 123

914 to 1,523 m: 25

under 914 m: 86 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 8,459

over 3,047 m: 1

2,438 to 3,047 m: 6

1,524 to 2,437 m: 140

914 to 1,523 m: 1,552

under 914 m: 6,760 (2013)

total: 44

over 3,047 m: 4

2,438 to 3,047 m: 7

1,524 to 2,437 m: 6

914 to 1,523 m: 9

under 914 m: 18 (2013)

Heliports

5,287 (2013)

47 (2013)

Pipelines

natural gas 1,984,321 km; petroleum products 240,711 km (2013)

gas 70,000 km; crude oil 22,900 km; refined petroleum products 25,500 km; water 710,206 km (2015)

Railways

total: 293,564.2 km

standard gauge: 293,564.2 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)

country comparison to the world: 1

total: 124,000 km

standard gauge: 124,000 km 1.435-m gauge (80,000 km electrified); 102,000 traditional, 22,000 high-speed (2017)

country comparison to the world: 2

Roadways

total: 6,586,610 km

paved: 4,304,715 km (includes 76,334 km of expressways)

unpaved: 2,281,895 km (2012)

country comparison to the world: 1

total: 4,577,300 km

paved: 4,046,300 km (includes 123,500 km of expressways)

unpaved: 531,000 km (2015)

country comparison to the world: 3

Waterways

41,009 km (19,312 km used for commerce; Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, is shared with Canada) (2012)

country comparison to the world: 5

110,000 km (navigable waterways) (2011)

country comparison to the world: 1

Merchant marine

total: 3,611

by type: bulk carrier 5, container ship 61, general cargo 114, oil tanker 66, other 3,365 (2017)

country comparison to the world: 5

total: 4,287

by type: bulk carrier 1,069, container ship 198, general cargo 697, oil tanker 480, other 1,843 (2017)

country comparison to the world: 4

Ports and terminals

cargo ports: Baton Rouge, Corpus Christi, Hampton Roads, Houston, Long Beach, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Plaquemines (LA), Tampa, Texas City

container port(s) (TEUs): Hampton Roads (2,549,000), Houston (2,131,000), Long Beach (7,192,000), Los Angeles (8,160,000), New York/New Jersey (6,372,000), Oakland (2,278,000), Savannah (3,737,000), Seattle (3,531,000) (2015)

cruise departure ports (passengers): Miami (2,032,000), Port Everglades (1,277,000), Port Canaveral (1,189,000), Seattle (430,000), Long Beach (415,000) (2009)

oil terminal(s): LOOP terminal, Haymark terminal

LNG terminal(s) (import): Cove Point (MD), Elba Island (GA), Everett (MA), Freeport (TX), Golden Pass (TX), Hackberry (LA), Lake Charles (LA), Neptune (offshore), Northeast Gateway (offshore), Pascagoula (MS), Sabine Pass (TX)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Kenai (AK)

major seaport(s): Dalian, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin

river port(s): Guangzhou (Pearl)

container port(s) (TEUs): Dalian (9,591,000), Guangzhou (17,097,000), Ningbo (20,636,000), Qingdao (17,323,000), Shanghai (36,516,000), Shenzhen (24,142,000), Tianjin (13,881,000)(2015)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanghai, Tangshan, Zhejiang

Transportation - note -

seven of the world’s ten largest container ports are in China

Military comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Military expenditures

3.29% of GDP (2016)

3.3% of GDP (2015)

3.51% of GDP (2014)

3.83% of GDP (2013)

4.24% of GDP (2012)

country comparison to the world: 25

1.9% of GDP (2016)

1.95% of GDP (2015)

1.9% of GDP (2014)

1.85% of GDP (2013)

1.84% of GDP (2012)

country comparison to the world: 50

Military branches

United States Armed Forces: US Army, US Navy (includes Marine Corps), US Air Force, US Coast Guard; note - Coast Guard administered in peacetime by the Department of Homeland Security, but in wartime reports to the Department of the Navy (2017)

People's Liberation Army (PLA): Army, Navy (PLAN, includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun Kongjun, PLAAF, includes airborne forces), Rocket Force (strategic missile force), and Strategic Support Force (space and cyber forces); People's Armed Police (Renmin Wuzhuang Jingcha Budui, PAP); PLA Reserve Force (2016)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age (17 years of age with parental consent) for male and female voluntary service; no conscription; maximum enlistment age 42 (Army), 27 (Air Force), 34 (Navy), 28 (Marines); 8-year service obligation, including 2-5 years active duty (Army), 2 years active (Navy), 4 years active (Air Force, Marines); all military occupations and positions open to women (2016)

18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs; a recent military decision allows women in combat roles; the first class of women warship commanders was in 2011 (2012)

Transnational comparison between [United States] and [China]

United States China
Disputes - international

the US has intensified domestic security measures and is collaborating closely with its neighbors, Canada and Mexico, to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across the international borders; abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits Russian Duma ratification; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other states; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island; Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island among the islands listed in its 2006 draft constitution

continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the most contentious of which lie in Bhutan's west along China's Chumbi salient; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): the US admitted 53,716 refugees during FY2017 including: 9,377 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 6,886 (Iraq); 6,557 (Syria); 6,130 (Somalia); 5,078 (Burma); 3,550 (Bhutan); 2,577 (Iran)

note: more than 46,000 Venezuelans have claimed asylum since 2014 because of the economic and political crisis (2017)

refugees (country of origin): 317,098 (Vietnam); undetermined (North Korea) (2016)

IDPs: undetermined (2014)

Illicit drugs

world's largest consumer of cocaine (shipped from Colombia through Mexico and the Caribbean), Colombian heroin, and Mexican heroin and marijuana; major consumer of ecstasy and Mexican methamphetamine; minor consumer of high-quality Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine; money-laundering center

major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry; more people believed to be convicted and executed for drug offences than anywhere else in the world, according to NGOs

Trafficking in persons -

current situation: China is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Chinese adults and children are forced into prostitution and various forms of forced labor, including begging and working in brick kilns, coal mines, and factories; women and children are recruited from rural areas and taken to urban centers for sexual exploitation, often lured by criminal syndicates or gangs with fraudulent job offers; state-sponsored forced labor, where detainees work for up to four years often with no remuneration, continues to be a serious concern; Chinese men, women, and children also may be subjected to conditions of sex trafficking and forced labor worldwide, particularly in overseas Chinese communities; women and children are trafficked to China from neighboring countries, as well as Africa and the Americas, for forced labor and prostitution

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - China does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; official data for 2014 states that 194 alleged traffickers were arrested and at least 35 were convicted, but the government’s conflation of human trafficking with other crimes makes it difficult to assess law enforcement efforts to investigate and to prosecute trafficking offenses according to international law; despite reports of complicity, no government officials were investigated, prosecuted, or convicted for their roles in trafficking offenses; authorities did not adequately protect victims and did not provide the data needed to ascertain the number of victims identified or assisted or the services provided; the National People’s Congress ratified a decision to abolish “reform through labor” in 2013, but some continued to operate as state-sponsored drug detention or “custody and education” centers that force inmates to perform manual labor; some North Korean refugees continued to be forcibly repatriated as illegal economic migrants, despite reports that some were trafficking victims (2015)

USD to CNY Historical Rates

year by month
USD to CNY in 2023 USD to CNY in 2023-12  USD to CNY in 2023-11  USD to CNY in 2023-10  USD to CNY in 2023-09  USD to CNY in 2023-08  USD to CNY in 2023-07  USD to CNY in 2023-06  USD to CNY in 2023-05  USD to CNY in 2023-04  USD to CNY in 2023-03  USD to CNY in 2023-02  USD to CNY in 2023-01 
USD to CNY in 2022 USD to CNY in 2022-12  USD to CNY in 2022-11  USD to CNY in 2022-10  USD to CNY in 2022-09  USD to CNY in 2022-08  USD to CNY in 2022-07  USD to CNY in 2022-06  USD to CNY in 2022-05  USD to CNY in 2022-04  USD to CNY in 2022-03  USD to CNY in 2022-02  USD to CNY in 2022-01 
USD to CNY in 2021 USD to CNY in 2021-12  USD to CNY in 2021-11  USD to CNY in 2021-10  USD to CNY in 2021-09  USD to CNY in 2021-08  USD to CNY in 2021-07  USD to CNY in 2021-06  USD to CNY in 2021-05  USD to CNY in 2021-04  USD to CNY in 2021-03  USD to CNY in 2021-02  USD to CNY in 2021-01 
USD to CNY in 2020 USD to CNY in 2020-12  USD to CNY in 2020-11  USD to CNY in 2020-10  USD to CNY in 2020-09  USD to CNY in 2020-08  USD to CNY in 2020-07  USD to CNY in 2020-06  USD to CNY in 2020-05  USD to CNY in 2020-04  USD to CNY in 2020-03  USD to CNY in 2020-02  USD to CNY in 2020-01 
USD to CNY in 2019 USD to CNY in 2019-12  USD to CNY in 2019-11  USD to CNY in 2019-10  USD to CNY in 2019-09  USD to CNY in 2019-08  USD to CNY in 2019-07  USD to CNY in 2019-06  USD to CNY in 2019-05  USD to CNY in 2019-04  USD to CNY in 2019-03  USD to CNY in 2019-02  USD to CNY in 2019-01 
USD to CNY in 2018 USD to CNY in 2018-12  USD to CNY in 2018-11  USD to CNY in 2018-10  USD to CNY in 2018-09  USD to CNY in 2018-08  USD to CNY in 2018-07  USD to CNY in 2018-06  USD to CNY in 2018-05  USD to CNY in 2018-04  USD to CNY in 2018-03  USD to CNY in 2018-02  USD to CNY in 2018-01 
USD to CNY in 2017 USD to CNY in 2017-12  USD to CNY in 2017-11  USD to CNY in 2017-10  USD to CNY in 2017-09  USD to CNY in 2017-08  USD to CNY in 2017-07  USD to CNY in 2017-06  USD to CNY in 2017-05  USD to CNY in 2017-04  USD to CNY in 2017-03  USD to CNY in 2017-02  USD to CNY in 2017-01 
USD to CNY in 2016 USD to CNY in 2016-12  USD to CNY in 2016-11  USD to CNY in 2016-10  USD to CNY in 2016-09  USD to CNY in 2016-08  USD to CNY in 2016-07  USD to CNY in 2016-06  USD to CNY in 2016-05  USD to CNY in 2016-04  USD to CNY in 2016-03  USD to CNY in 2016-02  USD to CNY in 2016-01 
USD to CNY in 2015 USD to CNY in 2015-12  USD to CNY in 2015-11  USD to CNY in 2015-10  USD to CNY in 2015-09  USD to CNY in 2015-08  USD to CNY in 2015-07  USD to CNY in 2015-06  USD to CNY in 2015-05  USD to CNY in 2015-04  USD to CNY in 2015-03  USD to CNY in 2015-02  USD to CNY in 2015-01 
USD to CNY in 2014 USD to CNY in 2014-12  USD to CNY in 2014-11  USD to CNY in 2014-10  USD to CNY in 2014-09  USD to CNY in 2014-08  USD to CNY in 2014-07  USD to CNY in 2014-06  USD to CNY in 2014-05  USD to CNY in 2014-04  USD to CNY in 2014-03  USD to CNY in 2014-02  USD to CNY in 2014-01 
USD to CNY in 2013 USD to CNY in 2013-12  USD to CNY in 2013-11  USD to CNY in 2013-10  USD to CNY in 2013-09  USD to CNY in 2013-08  USD to CNY in 2013-07  USD to CNY in 2013-06  USD to CNY in 2013-05  USD to CNY in 2013-04  USD to CNY in 2013-03  USD to CNY in 2013-02  USD to CNY in 2013-01 
USD to CNY in 2012 USD to CNY in 2012-12  USD to CNY in 2012-11  USD to CNY in 2012-10  USD to CNY in 2012-09  USD to CNY in 2012-08  USD to CNY in 2012-07  USD to CNY in 2012-06  USD to CNY in 2012-05  USD to CNY in 2012-04  USD to CNY in 2012-03  USD to CNY in 2012-02  USD to CNY in 2012-01 
USD to CNY in 2011 USD to CNY in 2011-12  USD to CNY in 2011-11  USD to CNY in 2011-10  USD to CNY in 2011-09  USD to CNY in 2011-08  USD to CNY in 2011-07  USD to CNY in 2011-06  USD to CNY in 2011-05  USD to CNY in 2011-04  USD to CNY in 2011-03  USD to CNY in 2011-02  USD to CNY in 2011-01 
USD to CNY in 2010 USD to CNY in 2010-12  USD to CNY in 2010-11  USD to CNY in 2010-10  USD to CNY in 2010-09  USD to CNY in 2010-08  USD to CNY in 2010-07  USD to CNY in 2010-06  USD to CNY in 2010-05  USD to CNY in 2010-04  USD to CNY in 2010-03  USD to CNY in 2010-02  USD to CNY in 2010-01 
USD to CNY in 2009 USD to CNY in 2009-12  USD to CNY in 2009-11  USD to CNY in 2009-10  USD to CNY in 2009-09  USD to CNY in 2009-08  USD to CNY in 2009-07  USD to CNY in 2009-06  USD to CNY in 2009-05  USD to CNY in 2009-04  USD to CNY in 2009-03  USD to CNY in 2009-02  USD to CNY in 2009-01 
USD to CNY in 2008 USD to CNY in 2008-12  USD to CNY in 2008-11  USD to CNY in 2008-10  USD to CNY in 2008-09  USD to CNY in 2008-08  USD to CNY in 2008-07  USD to CNY in 2008-06  USD to CNY in 2008-05  USD to CNY in 2008-04  USD to CNY in 2008-03  USD to CNY in 2008-02  USD to CNY in 2008-01 
USD to CNY in 2007 USD to CNY in 2007-12  USD to CNY in 2007-11  USD to CNY in 2007-10  USD to CNY in 2007-09  USD to CNY in 2007-08  USD to CNY in 2007-07  USD to CNY in 2007-06  USD to CNY in 2007-05  USD to CNY in 2007-04  USD to CNY in 2007-03  USD to CNY in 2007-02  USD to CNY in 2007-01 
USD to CNY in 2006 USD to CNY in 2006-12  USD to CNY in 2006-11  USD to CNY in 2006-10  USD to CNY in 2006-09  USD to CNY in 2006-08  USD to CNY in 2006-07  USD to CNY in 2006-06  USD to CNY in 2006-05  USD to CNY in 2006-04  USD to CNY in 2006-03  USD to CNY in 2006-02  USD to CNY in 2006-01 
USD to CNY in 2005 USD to CNY in 2005-12  USD to CNY in 2005-11  USD to CNY in 2005-10  USD to CNY in 2005-09  USD to CNY in 2005-08  USD to CNY in 2005-07  USD to CNY in 2005-06  USD to CNY in 2005-05  USD to CNY in 2005-04  USD to CNY in 2005-03  USD to CNY in 2005-02  USD to CNY in 2005-01 
USD to CNY in 2004 USD to CNY in 2004-12  USD to CNY in 2004-11  USD to CNY in 2004-10  USD to CNY in 2004-09  USD to CNY in 2004-08  USD to CNY in 2004-07  USD to CNY in 2004-06  USD to CNY in 2004-05  USD to CNY in 2004-04  USD to CNY in 2004-03  USD to CNY in 2004-02  USD to CNY in 2004-01 
USD to CNY in 2003 USD to CNY in 2003-12  USD to CNY in 2003-11  USD to CNY in 2003-10  USD to CNY in 2003-09  USD to CNY in 2003-08  USD to CNY in 2003-07  USD to CNY in 2003-06  USD to CNY in 2003-05  USD to CNY in 2003-04  USD to CNY in 2003-03  USD to CNY in 2003-02  USD to CNY in 2003-01 
USD to CNY in 2002 USD to CNY in 2002-12  USD to CNY in 2002-11  USD to CNY in 2002-10  USD to CNY in 2002-09  USD to CNY in 2002-08  USD to CNY in 2002-07  USD to CNY in 2002-06  USD to CNY in 2002-05  USD to CNY in 2002-04  USD to CNY in 2002-03  USD to CNY in 2002-02  USD to CNY in 2002-01 
USD to CNY in 2001 USD to CNY in 2001-12  USD to CNY in 2001-11  USD to CNY in 2001-10  USD to CNY in 2001-09  USD to CNY in 2001-08  USD to CNY in 2001-07  USD to CNY in 2001-06  USD to CNY in 2001-05  USD to CNY in 2001-04  USD to CNY in 2001-03  USD to CNY in 2001-02  USD to CNY in 2001-01 
USD to CNY in 2000 USD to CNY in 2000-12  USD to CNY in 2000-11  USD to CNY in 2000-10  USD to CNY in 2000-09  USD to CNY in 2000-08  USD to CNY in 2000-07  USD to CNY in 2000-06  USD to CNY in 2000-05  USD to CNY in 2000-04  USD to CNY in 2000-03  USD to CNY in 2000-02  USD to CNY in 2000-01 

All USD Exchange Rates Now

Exchange Rate Exchange Rate Exchange Rate
USD to AED rate 3.6724 ▲ USD to ALL rate 94.53751 ▲ USD to ANG rate 1.80378 ▼
USD to ARS rate 363.905 ▲ USD to AUD rate 1.51906 ▲ USD to AWG rate 1.8 ▲
USD to BBD rate 2 USD to BDT rate 110.09419 ▼ USD to BGN rate 1.81814
USD to BHD rate 0.37732 ▲ USD to BIF rate 2847.82066 ▲ USD to BMD rate 1
USD to BND rate 1.34005 USD to BOB rate 6.91604 ▲ USD to BRL rate 4.9314 ▲
USD to BSD rate 1 USD to BTN rate 83.4543 ▲ USD to BZD rate 2.01745
USD to CAD rate 1.35935 ▲ USD to CHF rate 0.88006 USD to CLP rate 872.25136 ▲
USD to CNY rate 7.1626 ▲ USD to COP rate 3991.3677 ▲ USD to CRC rate 528.24104 ▲
USD to CZK rate 22.6436 ▼ USD to DKK rate 6.9266 USD to DOP rate 57.01954 ▲
USD to DZD rate 134.701 ▲ USD to EGP rate 30.92653 ▲ USD to ETB rate 55.82003 ▲
USD to EUR rate 0.9282 USD to FJD rate 2.2377 ▼ USD to GBP rate 0.79694
USD to GMD rate 67.35 ▼ USD to GNF rate 8602.58793 ▲ USD to GTQ rate 7.83404 ▲
USD to HKD rate 7.8103 ▼ USD to HNL rate 24.68464 ▼ USD to HRK rate 7.00168 ▲
USD to HTG rate 132.38039 ▲ USD to HUF rate 354.57387 ▲ USD to IDR rate 15573 ▲
USD to ILS rate 3.70214 ▼ USD to INR rate 83.43035 USD to IQD rate 1310.16003 ▲
USD to IRR rate 42275 ▲ USD to ISK rate 138.99844 ▼ USD to JMD rate 155.7711 ▲
USD to JOD rate 0.7095 ▼ USD to JPY rate 144.864 ▲ USD to KES rate 154.84285 ▲
USD to KMF rate 457.84985 ▲ USD to KRW rate 1317.66 ▲ USD to KWD rate 0.30854 ▲
USD to KYD rate 0.83408 USD to KZT rate 459.20984 ▲ USD to LBP rate 15043.13576 ▲
USD to LKR rate 327.59178 ▲ USD to LSL rate 18.92913 ▼ USD to MAD rate 10.13886 ▲
USD to MDL rate 17.80016 ▲ USD to MKD rate 57.09844 ▲ USD to MNT rate 3450 ▲
USD to MOP rate 8.0543 ▲ USD to MUR rate 44.29907 ▼ USD to MVR rate 15.35 ▼
USD to MWK rate 1684.78417 ▲ USD to MXN rate 17.348 ▼ USD to MYR rate 4.665 ▲
USD to NAD rate 18.98 USD to NGN rate 790.17993 ▲ USD to NIO rate 36.62691 ▲
USD to NOK rate 10.906 ▲ USD to NPR rate 133.5267 USD to NZD rate 1.63132 ▼
USD to OMR rate 0.385 USD to PAB rate 1 USD to PEN rate 3.7609 ▼
USD to PGK rate 3.73138 ▲ USD to PHP rate 55.5535 ▲ USD to PKR rate 283.99349 ▲
USD to PLN rate 4.02738 ▼ USD to PYG rate 7357.87792 ▲ USD to QAR rate 3.65016 ▲
USD to RON rate 4.6158 USD to RUB rate 92.155 USD to RWF rate 1259.38599 ▲
USD to SAR rate 3.75048 USD to SBD rate 8.47595 ▲ USD to SCR rate 13.181 ▲
USD to SEK rate 10.4669 ▼ USD to SGD rate 1.341 ▼ USD to SLL rate 20969.5 ▲
USD to SVC rate 8.7576 ▲ USD to SZL rate 18.92143 ▲ USD to THB rate 35.23252 ▼
USD to TND rate 3.1305 ▼ USD to TOP rate 2.35926 USD to TRY rate 28.9274
USD to TTD rate 6.79816 ▲ USD to TWD rate 31.4245 ▼ USD to TZS rate 2507.16317 ▲
USD to UAH rate 36.76364 ▲ USD to UGX rate 3773.1346 ▲ USD to UYU rate 39.14547 ▲
USD to VUV rate 118.722 ▲ USD to WST rate 2.8 ▲ USD to XAF rate 608.85929 ▲
USD to XCD rate 2.70255 ▼ USD to XOF rate 608.85929 ▲ USD to XPF rate 110.76372 ▲
USD to YER rate 250.32498 ▲ USD to ZAR rate 18.96191

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